How to Use Sample Integrate Source in Essay Writing

How to Use Sample Integrate Source in Essay WritingSample integrate source in essay writing is the best way to help you make your paper short and to the point. It will be easy for you to use it because you will have all the information you need to help you write a well-written essay. The best way to use it is to take the sample and use it to help you understand the grammar that you need to learn.There are so many different options and explanations for every part of this subject. The best way to make your essay more comprehensive is to include a sample and other sources in the same paragraph. Include this as an appendix to your paper. Make sure you include the grammar tips from the sample and explain each one in a few sentences.Be sure to remember the format of the article because you will need to know what to include for each section of your essay. Have a copy in hand that you can look at and look for errors in grammar and spelling. You can also use the sample to help you understand the flow of the paper.Use the sample to add more information to your writing. Just keep in mind to correct the mistakes as you go along. This is the best way to ensure that your work is error free.You can use the sample to help you make the transition from one section to another. This is especially true if you are using a book for your sample. You need to be able to understand how the book is formatted and how it should be written. The best way to do this is to look over the sample and understand the different sections, and what they represent.Another advantage to using these samples is that they are reviewed. They will be used by people who are writing academic papers for college credit. It will make your writing more professional and it will make your essay more valuable to those who use them. So it is good to consider using these samples as a part of your essay to help you make your paper more effective.Hopefully you now know a little bit more about sample integrate source in ess ay writing. Remember to review it from time to time to make sure you understand it properly. That way you will be able to make your own essay work and make it more professional and able to get better grades.

Planet Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Planet Earth Buried lost within my sleep, I am illusioned by a dream. Confused by the situation, I hear sirens and flashes of light, rigorously delivering discomfort. Perplexed by the ordeal, I twist and turn and suddenly I awaken. Breathing heavily I take a sigh of relief realizing that distorted sounds of the sirens were only that of my alarm. As I get up of my bed, I draw back the blinds and slide across my fogged window. I find nothing but pure blackness, and the flurry of the morning chill. I am discouraged but I know that this day will grow to be the most beautiful things on earth. As I stare up overhead at a moonlit sky surrounded by the thousand "pinpoint", I smell coolness of eucalyptus extracted from the giant trees, and the fresh scent of air, so pristine and untouched by mankind. All I can hear is the blackness of the atmosphere. There is no life, and the world is at peace, it is at rest. Then suddenly, the slumber is ceased, and the day awakens. The stars begin to fade and the first light of day appears. The eyes of the earth slowly opens and elegance of the sun gradually emerges above the horizon from the far east, painting vivid patches of red, orange, and blue. Suddenly I see flocks of birds flying from nowhere in a disfigured "V" formation as I hear the wake up call of the rooster somewhere across the dew and mist of the morning air. Although so soft, I hear trickling from the trees drenched by the cleansing morning rain clashing with the sweet songs of the birds within them. As every single second goes by, the sun rises higher and higher, warming up the earth and lighting the sky. The earth has awakened. Comforted by the tranquility, I lay back to rest and contemplate on whether this gracefulness will last. Relaxed, I once again fall into a deep sleep. Taking each breath as it comes. All I felt was the warmth's of my blanket, and all I could see was the pitch-blackness induced by the closure of my eyelids. Unexpectedly, a furious flash of light ignites, and the violent sounds of the siren develop, I scream but I can not hear myself cry. I faintly see my mother. She lays peacefully on a tar ruined lane, I run to her, but every step seems to convey me further away from her. I hear her cry, but her cry stops, she calls for my help. She calls my name. "Peter!" I hear. Sounding so terribly real, and agitated by the situation, I twist and turn and suddenly I awaken to the kind touch of my mother's hand. "Are you okay Peter?" mother asked. All I could do was hug her and tell her "I loved you!" My heavy breathing transforms into drips of tears but they dry before my mother could see. I reflect on the dream, and consider that maybe the dream had a meaning. Am I taking my mother for granted? As I peacefully sit out on the front porch, I am struck by the powerful radiance of sun. It demonstrates all its intensity and solar power. Like on a desert island, I can feel the unbearable heat burning my skin but it is constantly soother by the friendly greeting of a southern wind. The trees dance from to right, rustling their leaves together making the sound as one might do with their hands on a cold day. The heavens above looking also much like the earth itself, with the vast baby blue oceans encompassing the floating white islands with silver shorelines. After few hours of contemplating, I looked up once more, and all I saw was the tiredness of the earth, accompanied by a rich red. The earth is tired and weary, and I guess it must rest. Howling winds are sent once again to cool the earth. The birds far above fleet to where they once originated. As they fly across the warm horizon, the sun falls beyond them into a land far west. Like the dawn of day, the sky is once again filled with the magnificent array of colour. Showing a red heat near the sun, but a blue coolness away in the east. Darker and darker the world becomes, but moonlit sky accompanied by the glittering stars overcomes the fear of darkness. The magnificence and beauty of the cycle day only left us with the heavens to

High Level Autistic Disorder

High Level Autistic Disorder Introduction High-level autistic disorder is an acute developmental disability that starts at birth or within a child’s early years of being. It is also known as Autism. It is the consequence of a neurological disorder that alters the functioning of the brain. This causes impediments or difficulties in many distinct skills from childhood to adulthood.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on High Level Autistic Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More High-level autistic disorder belongs to a group of developmental disabilities recognized as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). A spectrum disorder is a collection of disorders with similar characteristics. In autism, while one individual may have minor symptoms, another one may have substantial ones. The diversity in the nature of the signs and when they will possibly begin appearing also makes autism to be recognized like an ASD (Mesibov, Shea Adams, 2001).   High-level autistic disorder is a worldwide disorder found amongst all tribal, cultural and socioeconomic groups. It is mostly found in children especially boys. However, autistic girls have more critical symptoms and greater cerebral impairment (Turkington Anan, 2007). This paper will discuss a case study of high-level autistic disorder. It involves Tommy, who is a 6-year-old nursery school student. His classroom behavior is quite different from that of the other students. He has poor academic performance. He is unable to comply with basic classroom rules and expectations. He has difficulties in performing expected academic tasks. Tommy’s father is a shy soft-spoken man while his mother appears bright and vivacious.  In a meeting with the principal, Tommy’s parents state that Tommy did not start talking until he was about 2 years of age. However, the father states that he still had the same problem though he turned out okay. His mother complains that Tommy has diff iculties while playing with other children. He does not share toys with the other children. She further adds that Tommy hits other children when angry and cries in a shrill, loud voice when he does not get his way. Tommy does not have real friends. The mother also reports that Tommy does not always respond to her voice when she calls. She also reports that Tommy needs a lot of coaching and supervision to get dressed in the morning. Tommy’s hand has to be held tightly when crossing the street since he sometimes darts into the street.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this meeting, the Kindergarten teacher reports that Tommy’s attention often wanders. He does not follow directions like the other children. According to the teacher, Tommy cries and rocks back and forth when he has to change activities. He has severally hit other children who casual ly bump into him on the playground. All this symptoms show that Tommy is a victim of high-level autistic disorder. Discussion Genetic and Environmental Contributions to High Level Autistic Disorder Several environmental and genetic factors have set the stage for high-level autistic disorder. Genes play a key role in the development of this disorder. Different studies have indicated that twins who are identical have a higher likelihood to suffer from this condition than fraternal twins. In a household with one autistic baby, the probability of having another autistic baby is 5%. Family members of an autistic child may have minor social impairments including recurring behaviors’ and problems in communication. Abnormal genes also lead to high-level autistic disorder. The environment is another cause of high-level autistic disorder. Environmental pollutants such as insect repellents and heavy metals are significant risk factors. Lack of enough oxygen at birth and the presence of viruses in the environment may also lead to this disorder (Ryaskin, 2004). Symptoms of High Level Autistic Disorder Children with autism typically exhibit problems in social interaction. They also face difficulties in verbal and non-verbal contacts. This can be attributed to language delays. They tend to show interest in odd, recurring or constrained activities. They also have impaired intellectual capacities. Infants have problems in cuddling. They shun from eye contact and do not appear to be in need of affection. They shed tears when picked up. They form no connection with their parents and do not exhibit any concerns towards strangers. They do not train the ordinary games of babyhood. As children with a high-level autistic disorder grow old, they often have extra ordinary reactions to sensory experiences (Blanc Volkers, 2007). (DSM) IV Classification of High Level Autistic Disorder The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) IV classify high-level autistic disorder in to three. According to DSM-IV, autism is a qualitative destruction in social interaction and verbal communication. High-level autistic disorder is considered by DSM-IV as constrained, recurring and a stereotyped behavioral pattern (Rapoport Ismond, 1996).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on High Level Autistic Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brain monitoring techniques Brain scan involves the use of different techniques to picture the structure and functioning of the brain. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) depends on the paramagnetic characteristics of hemoglobin. It enables one to see representations of fluctuating blood supply to the brain connected with neural cavity. This permits images to be created that show which brain parts are activated. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) detects brain receptors linked to neurotransmitters. It has the capability of detecting chemicals that attach to recep tors. Single Photon Emission Computed Photography (SPECT) utilizes gamma rays producing radioisotopes. A gamma camera is used, and a computer comes up with images of the active brain regions. Injection of a radioactive tracer is then done. This is quickly absorbed by the brain though not redistributed. SPECT reflects blood flow in the cerebrum. MEG (Magneto encephalography) is another non-invasive brain monitoring technique. It determines the magnetic fields generated by electrical actions in the brain (Zager, 2005). High Level Autistic Disorder Tests and Assessments Assessment of Verbal and Spatial memory (Differential Ability Scales subtests) The DAS (Differential Ability Scale) is a cognitive ability test for children aged between 2 and 17 years. It involves diagnostic tests for vocal and non-vocal matters. Verbal subtests involved in DAS are verbal comprehension, vocabulary naming and explanations of similarities between pictures. Spatial subtests involved in assessment of spati al memory include block building, copying of drawings and recalling of designs. It also involves construction of patterns and the identification of picture similarities (Oller John, 2009). Assessment of Verbal Fluency (Differential Ability Scales subtests) Verbal fluency is the capability to generate a sequence of words under theoretical or phonological demands. The DAS examines verbal fluency through word definitions whereby the victims explain the meaning of words spoken by the assessor. Word reading tests are also done to increase the children’s ability of reading more and more difficult words. Assessment of Social Cognition (Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale) This involves a sequence of planned and semi planned activities that entail social interaction between the assessor and the autistic child. The assessor observes and recognizes segments of the child’s behavior. He designates this to predetermined observational classifications. Classified observations are co nsequently combined to generate quantitative scores for evaluation. ADOS show social and verbal communication behaviors necessary for autism diagnosis (Barker, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assessment of Executive Function (NEPSY battery for high functioning Autistic Disorder Children) This is a neuropsychological assessment test. It evaluates neuropsychological development in autistic children aged between 3 and 16 years. It analyses both straightforward and complex features of cognition that are significant in children’s capability to learn and be industrious at home and in school. It tests cognitive features, which are not, ordinarily covered by the child’s general capacity or achievement batteries (Mesmere, 2008). Assessment of daily functioning â€Å"Vineland† This refers to the evaluation and monitoring of the daily activities of the child. It is an estimation of a child’s functional status. It involves activities performed usually such as feeding, dressing, bathing and leisure. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is a suitable test to measure a child’s level of daily functioning. It identifies and categorizes mental retardation w ith high-level autistic disorder. It is planned within a structure of three domains. These include verbal communication, social interactions and daily living. Vineland can be used to establish educational, recovery and cure programs for autistic children (Schopler Mesibov, 1988). Assessment of Intellectual Ability and Achievement The DAS possibly measures intellectual capacity better than many contending tests because the exceptional diagnostic tests are not involved in the verbal, non-vocal spatial and full scores (Doyle Iland, 2004). Assessment of Cognitive Speed It is an assessment method for approximating and forecasting the amount of functional harm amongst autistic victims. Child’s version of Trails A B is used together with DAS. The scores are associated with cognitive pointers of functional harm. In Trails A and B, the child links numbers in series followed by letters. He then relates the numbers to the letters in a sequence. Conclusion Early intervention in educat ional settings for a period of not less than two years leads to improved outcomes in most autistic children. It is important for pregnant mothers to avoid taking drugs unless prescribed by the doctor. This is because some instances of this disorder are related to exposure to chemicals in the course of pregnancy. Encouraging surroundings in the learning establishments, residence and the places of work assist autistic persons to continue developing all through their lives.  High-level autistic disorder has no cure. In some cases, the victims may gain speech. Signs of the disorder get mild with age. Factors such as having an intelligence quotient of more than 50, capacity to communicate before reaching 6 years and having a useful talent imply a better prognosis. Present prognosis for high-level autistic disorder has so much improved. Autistic children are put in institutions. Adult victims have the capacity to work victoriously in mainstream jobs. Such people, however, need moral sup port in their efforts for a self-reliant life. Many other victims of autism have the ability to work in exceptional environments under the supervision of managers. Such managers are skilled in dealing with the less fortunate in the society. It is, therefore, clear that the future holds something yummy for victims of high-level autistic disorder (Ozonoff Portland, 2002). References Barker, P. (2004). Basic child psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Blanc, L. R., Volkers, H. (2007). What You Should Know About Autism Spectrum Disorders. Signs, symptoms, treatments and effects on daily life. Bangor: Booklocker.com. Doyle, T. B. Iland, D. E. (2004). Autism Spectrum Disorders from A to Z: Assessment, Diagnosis. Texas: Future Horizons Publishers. Mesibov, B. G., Shea, V., Adams, W. L. (2001). Understanding Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Mesmere, S.B. (2008). New Autism Research Developments. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Oll er, W. J., John, S. (2009). Autism: The Diagnosis, Treatment, Etiology of the Undeniable Epidemic Autism. Sudbury: Toronto Publishers. Ozonoff, S., Partland, J.A. (2002). Parents guide to Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: how to meet the challenges and help your child thrive. New York: Guilford Press Rapoport, L. J., Ismond, R. D. (1996). DSM-IV training guide for diagnosis of  Childhood disorders.Hoboken: Psychology Press. Ryaskin, T.O. (2004). Focus on autism research. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Schopler, E., Mesibov, B. G. (1988). Diagnosis and assessment in autism. New York:  Plenum Press. Turkington, C., Anan, R. (2007). The encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. New York: Facts on File Publishers. Zager, B. D. (2005). Autism spectrum disorders: identification, education, and treatment. Routledge: Routledge Publishers.

An examination and Investigation of the UK Construction Industry Essay

An examination and Investigation of the UK Construction Industry skills shortage crisis. What strategy is being adopted to combat the current skills shortage A - Essay Example found that 1,602 people currently work within the built heritage sector in London, preserving some 891,000 pre-1919 historic buildings, including 19,096 listed buildings. However, with 27 per cent of local contractors having outstanding vacancies and the workload ever increasing, the industry needs to recruit almost 550 people at a local level in the next one year just to meet immediate demand. It includes such a diversified group of workers like carpenters, speciality bricklayers and slate and tile roofers, lead-workers and stonemasons and joiners to work in construction industry estimated to be worth over  £3.5billion across England every year. It was also felt that there will be severe shortage of different construction workers involved with skills such as drystone walling, thatching, millwrighting, earth walling, and flint-knapping in coming 15-20 years in United Kingdom. In England today, there are currently only around 270 professional members of the Dry Stone Walling Association, under 1,000 thatchers and about 50 firms who work on cob and earth buildings. In the next one year alone, there is a need for almost 200 lime plasterers, around 140 wattle and daub craftspeople, over 100 glaziers, over 80 clay dabbins craftspeople, and almost 60 cob builders and dry stone wallers. It reflects the fact that not only does the report produce yet further evidence that heritage conservation skills1 are at risk, but uniquely it puts forward an action plan to tackle specific problems. Hence it is high time for all policy makers and enterpreneurs for joined-up thinking and concerted action across the construction industry, the built heritage sector, educational establishments, careers organisations, funding bodies and government departments to tackle a vital issue that is at the heart of sustaining two In case of private buildings, almost two thirds of public and commercial stockholders and private home dwellers expressed a high level of satisfaction with the work done

Dr. Frederick Banting and he's achievements in medicine Essay

Dr. Frederick Banting and he's achievements in medicine - Essay Example Early in 1921, at the University of Toronto, Banting took his idea to Professor John MacLeod, who was a foremost figure in the study of diabetes in Canada. Bantings theories weren’t appreciated by him. Regardless of this Banting managed to encourage him that his plan was worth trying. Few equipment and ten dogs were given to Banting by MacLeod. Banting also got a helper, Charles Best, a medical student (Mulcahy 77). The experiment was set to start in the summer of 1921. He proved his idea correct and discovered insulin. At the University of Toronto in 1922 he was appointed as a Senior Demonstrator in Medicine. The same year he was chosen to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research. Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital also used his services as an Honorary Consulting Physician.   He researched  silicosis, cancer, and the mechanisms of drowning at the Banting and Best Institute. In his days no one had ever heard of insulin. By his hypothesis the world got to know that a  part of the pancreas formed a matter that could cure diabetes. He had two basic perceptions that discovered insulin. The first was that changing the pancreas to separate the islets of Langerhans may make a key substance. His second insight can be said as the cross field analogy. The earliest people to ever be given insulin were Frederick Banting and Charles Best - they gave each other insulin to observe if it was secure for humans. Fredrick Banting was invited by MacLeod, a trained biochemist to join the research team. This team still had to experiment this extract on humans. On January 23, 1922, they tried this extract on a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes, at Toronto General Hospital. They gave the boy an extract that Collip had prepared and purified from an ox pancreas. He was the very first human to have given

Case studies of managing change in Organisations

Case studies of managing change in Organisations Introduction Task 1 The requirements from task 1 are to identify three organizations which have recently changed the way they run their business, the research must include the nature of the organization and its position in the current economy, what changes they bring in the last five years and what are the outcomes of the change. Objectives of Task 1 Following are the main objectives of Task 1 Investigate a research in 3 organizations which have recently undergone changes in the way the run their business. What is the nature of these organizations and their current economic climate? What changes they brought into their organisation. What are the outcomes of those changes both positive and negative Produce a report to draw the conclusion of the base of study of these three organisations that how changes effects organization in todays economy. Three organisations I have chosen I have chosen the following three organisations for task 1 of the Unit two Managing Change in Organization Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) Paktel GSM (Zong) Smart Cars 1. Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT) was established in 1998 to provide medical education. Initially they start with a medical college at Islamabad Pakistan; they acquire a prominent building at the central location of the city. The trust founder is a retired army general, and a leading cardiologist known worldwide. After two years in 2000 IIMCT opened an Engineering College by the name of Islamic International Engineering College (IIEC) and an institute for the education of computing and information technology by the name of Riphah Institute of Informatics, all these colleges continued their daily activities as individual bodies reporting to trust headquarter; the affiliation of these institutions was with county well-known universities like Hamdard University and University of Engineering and Technology Taxila Pakistan. Changes in IIMCT Later on the management of IIMCT feel the need of their own degree awarding body, and this was the point when they decide to go for major change or organizational change. They applied to federal government for the licence of university and received the approval in 2005 by completing all the requirements of having a university licence, and this lead IIMCT to the foundation of Riphah International University. Now Riphah International University has different departments and faculties, Islamic International Medical College is now known as faculty of medical sciences of Riphah International University (RIU), IIEC is engineering faculty and RII is Faculty of Computing of RIU. The IIMCT continue its activities under the brand name while Riphah International University is the degree awarding body now. Recently they have launched different courses in collaboration with University of Bedfordshire UK, and Royal Medical College London. Riphah International University has now 12 faculties with three campuses and three teaching hospitals. Govt of Pakistan have issued them FM radio station and Television licence to the university for educational purposes. RIU have now opened its campus at Dubai in collaboration with Dubai state government. Outcomes of Change From above stated details its quite clear that the changes that IIMCT brought into their organization had a very positive impact like They now have their own degree awarding body They became eligible to get educational grants for Govt Have increased the number of faculties / institutes and also the number of students Govt of Pakistan offers them two govt hospitals and now they are using those as teaching hospitals for their medical students. Get approval to open overseas campuses. Able to work in collaboration with UK leading educational institutions. Have their own FM radio channel and soon will have a TV channel. Get good job placement for their graduates. 2. Paktel GSM (Zong) Paktel the pioneer in the telecom industry in Pakistan, start their operation in the mid 90s. Firstly they provide just ASM services but after the evaluation of GSM technology they also start GSM services. As they were having no competitors in the telecom market, so they were completely dominating the market, a few years after their first competitor came into telecom market an Egyptian company by the name of Orascom Telcom, and the brand name of Mobilink, later on Pakistan telecom also started GSM services by the name of Ufone. The entry of both these companies brought very hard results for Paktel and most of their customers started using services of other companies because of good quality and services, the management of Paktel tried so much to hold their place in the market and for that they offer so many attractive packages but was a hard luck for them and the company goes into completely background when another two companies, Telenor from Norway and Warid Telecom from gulf came in to Pakistani market. Changes in Paktel GSM After having too much competitors with very good business background and latest technologies it was very hard for Paktel to stay in the current scenario, so the management of the company decide to franchise the company and to sell more than 50 % of the company to the China Mobile Company, which is the universe leading telecom company. When China Mobile Company became the owner they bring a vast amount of changes in their technology, management, and the way they operate. They changed the brand name from Paktel to Zong, change the company logo, marketing strategy, introduce very attractive packages for customers, and start providing network services in very remote areas of Pakistan, and now they have on third position in having more customers after Mobilink and Ufone. Outcomes of Change Following are the impact of change that Paktel management bring into their organization i.e. from Paktel to Zong Increase in the number of their customers Now they have updated and latest technology Have now management team with tons of experience. Introduce very good and unique ideas and strategies for marketing, and have attracted a big number of customer to use their product Increase the revenue of the company Have earn a good name in the telecom sector by providing good services 3. Star Cars The company is a British company founded in 1994 by a British person Ernie Andreson at Oxford UK. The mission of the company is to provide cars on hiring with good services. By the end of 1999 the company business was amazing and StarCars were having 5 centres at different cities of United Kingdom. And at the end of 2004 the StarCars expanded its business up to 17 centres all over the UK. But as their business increases they were facing problems in carrying out the daily activities. Following is the list of main problems that became the base for change in near future for StarCars. There was communication problems, the staff members in other centres often found it difficult to sort out wage queries with Oxford. Also when a centre had a problem, such as customer dispute it was difficult to settle because no one seems to have authority at franchise centre, it was the only the founder of the company who make the decisions and was often unavailable. Because of the distance involved, the mobile mechanic found it difficult to maintain cars all over the country. The mechanics were overworked, and the condition of the cars goes wrong by having no proper attention. The accountability of each centre was a major problem for the head office. Because of the geographical distance between centres the staffs feels isolated, there was often a lack of leadership and some staff became demotivated and staffs turn over also risen. Change in StarCars The management of the company decide to organise the company geographically, they divide the company into seven geographical locations and appoint one manager for each region and delegate a lot more responsibilities and power to that individual. The regional manager was assign the responsibility to make daily visits to all the centres in the region, recruit staff and attend a management meeting with the owner and board of directors every two weeks. They also outsource all car maintenance to another business and allow managers to buy cars for their region based on regional demand, but they must have to provide proper justification for that. They start training programs for mangers and other staff members, and also a good incentive packages. Outcomes of Change Following are the main outcomes of change in StarCars Help the company to maintain their accounts easily Improve the way they operate, and increase in their business It became easy for the management to look after the business at all location by consulting the regional manger. Have a very improved organization structure and good communication among all the regional centres. Conclusion (Report) From: Naeem Ullah To: Board of Directors Subject: Impact of change in organizations in todays economy Date: 02-03-2010 In the current era changes effects the organizations the following ways Change in organisation can the baseline of the organization Changes bring alterations or change in the strategy of the organization Can effect the culture and measurement of the organisation Can bring increase or decrease to the profit of the organisation if it is a profit organisation. Change they way they develop, market their product or services Can reduce or increase the management hierarchies Introduction Task 2 This task is about the study of the bureaucratic organisations which are well established and large organisations. Many of these organisations have re assessed their strategies and positions. In this task the requirement is to select two bureaucratic organisations and evaluate their strength and weaknesses, the efficiency through which these organisations works, the impact of bureaucratic organisations on their environment and how these organisations react to change. Objectives of Task Following are the objectives of this task Identify two bureaucratic organisations Evaluate their strengths and weaknesses Impact of bureaucracy on their environment How these organisations react to change Produce a report to evaluate these organisations Report From: Naeem Khan (Managing Consultant) To: Managing Director Date: 29 Mar. 10 Subject: Investigation on two bureaucratic Organisations Two Bureaucratic Organisations To complete this task I have identified the following two bureaucratic organisations. British Telecom (BT) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) 1. British Telecom British Telecom (BT) is the worlds oldest communications company, with a direct line of descent from the first commercial telecommunications undertaking in the world.  The Electric Telegraph Company incorporated in 1846, was the first anywhere to exploit leading edge telegraphy technology and introduce electrical communications to an astonished world.  Within ten years an international  network had been developed, making communications possible within minutes and hours instead of days and weeks. The consequences for every aspect of society were dramatic and profound. British Telecom Provides global telecommunication services in more than 170 countries worldwide; Participates in London and New York Stock Exchange and is listed in the FTSE 100 Index. Provides most British fixed-line telephones with local loop and trunk network connections, and telephone exchanges. It operates more than 28 million UK telephone lines. Efficiency through which BT is Working As British Telecom is one of the worlds most popular telecom company, they have very experienced and skilled staff, equipped with latest tools and technology. They provide services in all sector of telecom, from telephonic conversation to fast internet broadband, Ethernet facility, Virtual Private Network VPN, Wireless Local Loops WLL and so many other products and services. The current assets of BT are more than 49.34 billion pounds, and have more than 28 million customers in UK, the total sales of BT in 2009 was about  £21,7235, which show the importance of BT in telecom industry in the country and also its values in producing good revenue for the countrys economy. British Telecom has about 18 competitors in the market but they have the advantage of having much more customers and a very rich history in the telecom sector of United Kingdom. Impact of Bureaucratic Environment on BT As British Telecom is a very big organisation having thousands of employees and dealing with such a big number of customers, they are having a very good organisational structure using the bureaucratic approach to implement their policies. In BT they use the traditional form of bureaucracy, the law, policy and regulations are normally created by the top management or board of executives and then a series of steps Is taken for the implementation in which the superiors pass their subordinates what to do and how to do, and evaluate their performance and then report to his higher authorities. How BT React to Change As BT is a bureaucratic organisation and its a very long and difficult process to introduce new change to their organisation. They follow a very systematic way to cup up with changes. To bring change into the organisation the decision is taken by the higher authorities and implementation is made on the ground in a series of steps instructed by the top level management. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is Pakistan l largest converged services carrier  provide basic telephonic services to data and internet, video and audio conferencing throughout the country. The vision of PTCL is To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider in the region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders value. While the mission of the company is to achieve their vision by having An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and quality , An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious, Services that are based on the most optimum technology,   Quality and Time conscious customer service, Sustained growth in earnings and profitability. According to financial report of PTCL published in June 2009 the net income of PTCL is 9.1 billion  Pakistani Rupees. By nature PTCL is a bureaucratic organisation from its start, In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. And in 1996 PTCL was listed in all the stock exchanges of the country. Efficiency through which PTCL is working PTCL is the largest telecom service provider in Pakistan and also part of the consortium of submarine communications cables network. They provide best communication services to their customers at their door step. PTCL have about 2000 telephone exchange round the country providing largest fixed line network, GSM, CDMA and Wireless Local Loop (WLL). Impact of Bureaucratic Environment on PTCL Impact of bureaucratic type of management is same on PTCL as like other bureaucratic organisation, they are very systematic and structured in bringing any change into their organisation and the way they are working. As in telecom sector in Pakistan PTCL is having the monopoly but in 2003 the post-monopoly era came with  Pakistans Liberalization in Telecommunication. On the Government level, a comprehensive liberalization policy for telecoms sector is was offered. Which bring the concept of privatizing the public sector organisations and PTCL was one among those. How PTCL React to Change As PTCL is a bureaucratic organisation but it has very strong labour union and employee union which is very influential within and outside organisation. When in 2005 the govt of Pakistan decide to privatise the company and sell about 26 % of its share to a gulf based company Etisalat there was country wide protest and strike by PTCL workers. They even disrupted Phone lines of some big Government institutions like Punjab University Lahore and many lines of public sector were also blocked.  And a very tense situation was created when the technicians of PTCL refuses the repair of undersea optical fibre line to Singapore, at last military forces take over the control of all offices and make a success transition of the process. Conclusion Bureaucratic organisations are very systematic and well structured They work efficiently in big organisational structures To bring change in organisation is very lengthy and time consuming process, it also takes more efforts as compared to other types of organisations. The bureaucratic organisation management may face saviour problems in bringing change in organisation. Introduction to Task 3 In todays world most organisations use the concept of Fordism to have more advantages over the competitors; they need to respond to the situations quickly and efficiently by providing good products and services to their customers. To have competitive advantages organisations needs to adapt to newer and better methods of organisational management. In this task the focus is on how organisation can work more effectively by using alternative forms of organisational development except that they are using. Objectives of Task 3 Following are the main objectives of this task Definition of the concept of Fordism and its importance Importance of Fordism in modern management Comparison of two organisations between alternative forms of organisational development. Fordism Manufacturing  philosophy that  aims  to  achieve  higher  productivity  by standardizing the  output, using conveyor  assembly lines, and breaking the  work  into small de-skilled  tasks. Whereas Taylorism  (on which Fordism is based) seeks  machine  and  worker efficiency, Fordism seeks to combine them as one  unit, and emphasizes minimization of  costs  instead of  maximization  of profit., the concept of Fordism was introduced by US  automobile  pioneer Henry Ford (1863-1947). Fordism was a method used mainly in the automotive industry; it improved productivity, but it was also a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on the mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes using special purpose machinery and unskilled labor. This principle could be applied to any kind of manufacturing process and for a time it was. Major success stemmed from three major principles: The Standardization of the product The use of Special-purpose tools and/or equipment via the assembly line The Elimination of skilled labor in direct production, while simultaneously paying the worker higher wages. Fordism is a production process that standardized the production for a lower price and for a larger production. The factories were built on places where labor or raw materials for the product were available. The companies were in this way dependent of the place they were built. Besides that the city was dependent of the companies, because they served employment. Important of Fordism in modern management By using the concept of Fordism in modern management organizations can benefits from it in various ways, some of them are stated below Fordism helps in modern management to do jobs quicker and cheaper both Fordism and Scientific Management share common themes yet also display some significant differences. They both encourage looking at the fastest way work can be completed and impose strict guidelines upon employees and their job descriptions. This has led to a great deal of dissatisfaction among employees in production lines with alienation and monotony of workers that encouraged a high turnover of employees at organizations that imposed these techniques. Henry Ford developed much of his conceptions upon Taylors ideas of scientific management. These theories imply that contemporary organizations and their managers should take into consideration the ideas of employees to avoid division. Managers today often see workers as multi-skilled and more involved in the process of production via teamwork, the reintegration of manual and mental labor, and the empowerment of production workers. Todays mass production has seen t echnology wiping out many of the jobs once held by these employees. There is a movement towards a more flexible workplace in the wave of this new technology away from strict guidelines imposed upon workers and their job descriptions, they are now encouraged to learn about other areas of the workplace. Fordism and scientific management have greatly influenced our workplace today and their theories will continue to be built upon for years to come.   Comparison of BT and PTCL in light of above discussion Both these companies are public sector organization with big revenue generation each year and thousands of employees providing telecom services to their customers throughout their respective countries. Following is the comparison between these two organizations on the basis of their growth, processes, expansions, procedures and they way they introduce changes into their organization. PTCL BT PTCL has lunched WLL (prepaid postpaid) through this customer can connect where landline scarce. Provide high speed broadband, telephony services and TV on a single wire Provide their customers the facility of smart TV According to Annual report 2009 the net income of PTCL is 9.1 billion  Pakistani Rupees Have about 2000 telephone exchange Practicing bureaucratic in their organization. Having current assets of 49.34 billion pounds Have 28 million customers in UK They are competing with about 18 competitors in the market Providing products and services like internet broadband, Ethernet facility, Virtual Private Network VPN, Wireless Local Loops WLL and so many other products and services. According to the annual report of 2009 the total revenue generated by BT was about  £21,7235 Is a bureaucratic organization from start and still practicing bureaucracy to bring change within the organization. Conclusion Fordism is the concept which helps organizations in the development of the Standardization of the product Help organizations in developing goods and services in as assembly line Fordism helps organizations in modern management to produce good services to their customers. Introduction to Task 4 This task it is assumed that one of the organisation hired me and they require from me to come up with a clearer idea of the available models for change and come up with a presentation to the management of the describing the various models available for the organisation during the exchange from shop environment to internet sales, and advise the management which model to use, which is the best, and appropriate for the organisation. Pakistan Tele communication Company Limited has hired me and they demands from me to produce the following work. Objectives of Task 4 Following are the main objectives of the task 4 Describe various models for organisation Describe the appropriate model for change from shop environment to internet sale What is organisation change model When organisation tends to bring change into their organisational structure and operation they need to follow certain procedure which minimise the cost of change, it means that they should follow a certain steps of pre defined procedure. So change model is a set of pre defined procedure to ensure the secure change within organisation. Organisation change model in organisational development from the perspective of change in from top level management changes to the operational level changes. Available Change Models for PTCL Following are the available models of change for PTCL Dynamic Conservatism Dynamic conservatism model is focused on the increasing need due to increasing change of pace for the change process. This model was produced by Schon. The intention of this process model is to make the change process in organizations more flexible and dynamic. Kubler-Ross Model Kubler-Ross Model is also known as five stages of grief. It describes five discrete stages, she describes how people deal with grief and tragedy. Five stages of Kubler-Ross are Denial I feel fine This cant be happening, not to me Anger How can this happen to me? Bargaining I will do anything for a few more years Depression I am going to die what is the point? Acceptance it is going to be okay Dynamic Conservatism This model was described by Schon. He explores that inherent nature of the organizations can be conservative and protect them from constant change. Schon recognizes the increasing need due to the increasing change of pace for this process to become far more flexible. ADKAR ADKAR is a goal-oriented change management model that allows change management team to focus their activities on specific business results. ADKAR is a useful framework for change management teams in planning and execution of their work. Awareness Desire Knowledge Ability Reinforcement Appropriate Model for PTCL Bringing change in organization is very tough and complex problem, the management of the organization need to have deep look different aspects of the current position and the position of organization after change. Advising a change model to organization is a difficult job to do, because of the different factors involvement in the change process. So I will suggest PTCL to go for the two change models parallel from above defined models. Individual Change Model Dynamic Conversion I suggest these two models because of the very speedy changes in organization of PTCL and the way they perform their operations. So these two models will help PTCL to have a successful transition from their present state to where they want in future. Introduction to Task 5 In previous tasks a detail overview of the change models and process are provided, now in this task the focus is on the implementation of the change process and its activities, as I have done task 4 for PTCL, so in this task its required to show the implementation process of the change model for PTCL, because without proper and good implementation planning is just waste of resources and time. Objectives of Task 5 Following are the main objectives of this task Measure the efficiency of the change models for PTCL Plan the implementation process of change for PTCL Implementation of the change process Organisational change is a very complex and difficult task to accomplish, it needs to be properly planed and structured to make a secure transition from starting point of change till end. The organisational change involve different factors which need to be addressed when planning implementation of change. Following are the most common and important elements in change process Recognition of the need for change that why change is needed Establishment of goals for the change, means what goal you have decided to achieve Diagnoses of relevant variables, what factor are involve in bringing change Selection of appropriate change technique, what technique you are going to use for change Planning for implementation of the change, are you able to plan the change? Actual Implementation, implement what you have planned Evaluation and follow up, are you successful in bringing a secure transition (change) in your organisation Implementation Steps for Organisational Change There are eight main steps involve in the implementation of a change plan in an organisation, all these are important to follow, otherwise organisation management will be unable to yield the results they want from change. Establishing Sense of Urgency It is important to bring change whenever it is necessary or the management want to introduce the new ways of organisation operations. Powerful Guiding Coalition Organisational change is not a single or individual person responsibility, it involve the power of coalition of the people working in organisation. Creating a vision Without a vision its not possible to have a positive change Communicating the Vision Management should decide and discuss the vision for change with other staff members in the organisation. Empowering Others Give responsibility and power to the persons involve in change process Short Term Wins Break the problem statement into different achievable steps Consolidating Improvements Have some mile stone / check points to evaluate the performance Institutionalizing Change process must be within standard procedures. Issues with implementation of Change When organisation goes for change they may face certain problems and issues which need to be properly addressed time by time. These problems may occur at initial stages, at middle or may be at late stages of the implementation process, but the management of the organisation and individuals responsible for change must be aware of those and have the ability of quick response to the situation. Management may face some of these issues in implementation of change process Some manager unaware of change process and models Difficulties in getting support from staff members Lack of leadership Internal and external resistance to the change Difficulties in communication the change with stockholders Influence of govt rules and regulations Some economical and sociological problems Resistance to implementation of change Organisation may face two types of resistance to the change in organisation Individual Resistance Organisational Resistance Individual resistance may be Economic Reason, Obsolescence of Skill, Personal Reason, Ego defensiveness, Status Quo, Fear of Un-Known, Social Displacement, and Peer Pressure. While organizational resistance may be Threats to Power Influence, Organizational Structure, and Resource Constraint. Conclusion To implement a change process organisation needs to have looked at certain issues related with this process. This problem may be individual based or organisati

Are Character Traits Reliable?

Amanda Thomas Philosophy 103 November 19, 2012 Paper No. 2 In the book â€Å"Experiments in Ethics† by Kwame Anthony Appiah he states that â€Å"Individual moments of compassion and honesty makes our lives better, even if we are not compassionate through and through†. (Appiah 70) He also continues on to say that â€Å"[w]e can’t be content with knowing what kind of people we are; it matters, too, what kind of people we hope to be† (Appiah 72). He discusses the relationship between moral philosophy and  scientific research.He used some research experiments such as Milgrams and The Good Samaritan to further explain this quote. During these discussions he explains the difference between situationist and globalist/virtue ethics. Situationists are people who feel that what predicts behavior are situational factors instead of character traits. Globalists disagree with that statement and argue that character traits predict behavior. They also propose that good actions are defined as those done by people with the proper virtues and that virtues exist as part of individuals’ character makeup.A variety of psychological studies doubt these premises. The main issue is whether we have stable personality and character traits. Appiah uses modus tollens to give a logically from of the situationist argument. If the juice is made with sugar, then the juice is sweet. The juice is not sweet. Therefore, the juice is not made with sugar. One premises using modus tollens that a situationist could agree on is that if virtue ethics is true, then character traits predict behavior. Character traits don’t predict behavior; therefore virtue ethics is not true.Appiah takes the Milgram experiment to rule out certain strong forms of virtue ethics. He notes that virtue ethics can still serve as a guide to life, defining the ideals that should serve as our aims, even thought we rarely live up to them. Moral psychology imposes limits on the kind of peo ple we can become. Appiah uses a phrase that is, of course, necessary to consider in combination with the quote just mentioned, which is this â€Å"We imperfect creatures †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Appiah 53). Darley and Batson’s ‘Good Samaritan’ study was conducted by viewing helping behavior in which students at the PrincetonTheological Seminary were asked to make individual presentations on the story of â€Å"The Good Samaritan†. The accomplice was slumped in a doorway in need of help. Unrushed seminarians helped the accomplice over 60% of the time. When seminarians were told beforehand that they were late for their presentation the helping rate dropped dramatically. Appiah accepts that if the situationist case is as right, then globalism needs to be rejected. However, he argues that virtue ethics can live on even with the end of globalism, or at least he argues that virtue still matters in a world in which situationist lessons are learned.We hope to develop cons istent character traits and to obtain a highly assimilated character, the efforts of attempting to behave in ways show that virtues is one that is worth making. It makes our lives better if we help others a bit more when we are in a hurry than we would if we were unconcerned about attempting to obtain the virtues. He also feels that one can take and embrace the truth in both virtue ethics and situationist by putting people in situations where their virtue is maximized. He feels that the premises aren’t necessarily all true.Appiah believes that experimental research has an even deeper connection to morality. To some extent, we have to trust our gut feelings when determining what is right and wrong. He states in Chapter 1 that â€Å"The conjunction of virtue ethics and situationism urges us to make it easier both to avoid doing what murderers do and to avoid being what murderersare. †I believe that Appiah’s view on virtue ethics and situationist is true. Character traits aren’t completely reliable and certain character traits can help determine how you act in a certain situation but, also certain situations can completely dismay your character traits.